Research ContributionArnold Mathematical Journal

Received: 31 December 2016 / Revised: 28 July 2017 / Accepted: 2 August 2017

On Irreducible Components of Real Exponential Hypersurfaces

Cordian Riener Aalto Science Institute, Aalto University P.O. Box 13000 00076 Aalto Finland Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Tromso̷ Tromso̷ 9037 Norway cordian.riener@aalto.fi Nicolai Vorobjov Department of Computer Science University of Bath BA2 7AY Bath England, UK nnv@cs.bath.ac.uk

Abstract

Fix any real algebraic extension $ \mathbb K$ of the field $ \Q$ of rationals. Polynomials with coefficients from $ \mathbb K$ in $ n$ variables and in $ n$ exponential functions are called exponential polynomials over $ {\mathbb K}$. We study zero sets in $ \Real^n$ of exponential polynomials over $ \mathbb K$, which we call exponential-algebraic sets . Complements of all exponential-algebraic sets in $ \Real^n$ form a Zariski-type topology on $ \Real^n$. Let $ P \in {\mathbb K}[X_1, \ldots ,X_n,U_1, \ldots ,U_n]$ be a polynomial and denote \begin{eqnarray*} V:=\{ (x_1, \ldots , x_n) \in \Real^n|\> P(x_1, \ldots ,x_n,, e^{x_1}, \ldots ,e^{x_n})=0 \}. \end{eqnarray*} The main result of this paper states that, if the real zero set of a polynomial $ P$ is irreducible over $ \mathbb K$ and the exponential-algebraic set $ V$ has codimension 1, then, under Schanuel's conjecture over the reals, either $ V$ is irreducible (with respect to the Zariski topology) or each of its irreducible components of codimension 1 is a rational hyperplane through the origin. The family of all possible hyperplanes is determined by monomials of $ P$. In the case of a single exponential (i.e., when $ P$ is independent of $ U_2, \ldots , U_n$) stronger statements are shown which are independent of Schanuel's conjecture.

Keywords

Mathematics Subject Classification

1. Introduction

The main motivation of this paper is to begin a study of irreducible components of zero sets of functions defined by expressions that are polynomial in variables and exponentials of variables. The components are meant to be defined by the same type of expressions. The interesting questions include: do the components have any special structure and what is an upper bound on their number.

Throughout this article we will denote tuples of variables by $ \X:=(X_1,\dots,X_n)$ and $ \Uaa:=(U_1,\ldots,U_n)$, and with a given tuple $ \X$ we associate the tuple of exponential functions $ e^{\X} := (e^{X_1}, \ldots ,e^{X_n})$. We consider the field of real algebraic numbers $ \Real_{alg}$, the field $ \Q$ of rational numbers, and we fix a real algebraic extension $ \mathbb K$ of $ \Q$. Further, $ {\mathbb K}[\X,\Uaa]:={\mathbb K}[X_1,\dots,X_n,U_1,\ldots,U_n]$ will denote the ring of polynomials with coefficients in $ \mathbb K$ in the $ 2n$ variables. Clearly, $ {\mathbb K}[\X,e^{\X}]$ is a ring of functions which we call the ring of exponential polynomials over $ \mathbb K$ (or $ E$ -polynomials , for brevity). The geometry and model theory of zero sets of $ E$-polynomials are well understood (see for example [Gabrielov and Vorobjov2004], [Khovanskii1991], [Macintyre and Wilkie1996]). In the special case when $ P$ is independent of variables $ \X$, the $ E$-polynomial is called exponential sum (with integer spectrum). The theory of zero sets of exponential sums is also developed, in particular in [Kazarnovskii1997] and [Zilber2002], but apparently not for the structure of their irreducible components.

Every $ P\in {\mathbb K}[\X,\Uaa]$ defines an $ E$-polynomial $ f$ via the map \begin{eqnarray*} E:\> {\mathbb K}[\X,\Uaa] \to {\mathbb K}[\X,e^{\X}], \end{eqnarray*} such that $ f(\X)=E(P(\X, \Uaa))=P(\X,e^{\X})$.

A finite set of polynomials $ \mathcal{P}:=\{P_1,\ldots,P_k\}\subset {\mathbb K}[\X,\Uaa]$ defines a real algebraic set \begin{eqnarray*} \ZZ(\mathcal{P}) {\!}:= {\!}\{ (\x,\uu)=(x_1, \ldots ,x_n,u_1,\ldots,u_n) {\!}\in {\!} \Real^{2n}|\> P_1(\x,\uu) {\!}= {\!}\cdots=P_k(\x,\uu) {\!}= {\!}0 \}, \end{eqnarray*} and similarly, we will denote by $ \ZZ(f_1,\ldots,f_l)\subset\R^n$ the zero set of a finite set of $ E$-polynomials. We will call any $ \ZZ(f_1,\ldots,f_l)\subset\R^n$ a (real) exponential-algebraic set or just exponential set , for brevity. By taking the sum of squares, every real algebraic set (respectively, every exponential set) can be defined as a zero set of a single polynomial (respectively, $ E$-polynomial). An exponential set $ V$ will be called reducible (over $ \mathbb K$) if there are two distinct non-empty exponential sets $ V_1,\ V_2$ such that $ V= V_1 \cup V_2$, and irreducible otherwise. It will be shown in Sect. 2 that every exponential set can be uniquely represented as a finite union of irreducible exponential subsets (called irreducible components) neither of which is contained in another.

In this article we will be concerned with the structure of irreducible components and will prove the following main result.

Theorem 1.1.

Let $ P\in {\mathbb K}[\X,\Uaa]$ and assume that $ \ZZ(P)\subset\Real^{2n}$ is an irreducible real algebraic set. Further, let $ f=E(P)$ and assume that the dimension (see Definition 2.12 below) of $ \ZZ(f)$ is $ n-1$. Then, assuming Schanuel's conjecture, either $ \ZZ(f)$ is also irreducible, or every of its $ (n-1)$-dimensional irreducible components is a rational hyperplane through the origin.

Schanuel's conjecture is formulated at the beginning of Sect. 5. In the case of a single exponential term, i.e., when $ P$ is independent of all, but possibly one, variables $ U_1, \ldots ,U_n$, the theorem can be made stronger and independent of Schanuel's conjecture (see Theorem 3.5 below).

Let us illustrate Theorem 1.1 by some examples.

Example 1.2.

Let $ P= 2X-U+1$. The straight line $ \ZZ(P) \subset \Real^2$ is, of course, irreducible. According to Theorem 1.1, the exponential set $ V= \ZZ(2X-e^X+1)$ (consisting of two points) is irreducible. This can also be seen by the following elementary argument, independent of Schanuel's conjecture, which in various modifications is used throughout this paper. Suppose $ V$ is reducible. The only way to split two-point set into two distinct non-empty parts is the partition into singletons. Then the non-zero point $ A \in V$ can be defined as $ A= \ZZ(Q(X,e^X))$ for some $ Q(X,U) \in {\mathbb K}[X,U]$. It follows that $ A$ is the projection along $ U$ of an isolated point in $ \ZZ(P,Q)$ with algebraic coordinates. This contradicts the Lindemann theorem.

Example 1.3.

Let $ P:= X_1U_2+X_2U_1-X_1-X_2$ and $ f:=E(P)$. Then $ \dim \ZZ(P)=3$ and $ \dim \ZZ(f)=1$. The polynomial $ P$ is irreducible over $ {\mathbb K}$ (even over $ \Real$), hence the algebraic set $ \ZZ(P)$ is irreducible over $ \mathbb K$. On the other hand, $ \ZZ(f) \subset \Real^2$ is reducible and consists of two irreducible components, which are the lines $ \ZZ(X_1)$ and $ \ZZ(X_2)$.

Figure 1 Visualization of Example 1.4.

Example 1.4.

This example illustrates the case when for an irreducible $ \ZZ(P)$ the exponential hypersurface $ \ZZ(E(P))$ has irreducible components of codimension greater than 1 (Fig. 1).

Consider the polynomial \begin{eqnarray*} P:=(X_1+U-1)((2X_1-U+1)^2+X_2^2)+(2X_1-U+1)^3. \end{eqnarray*} Note that $ \ZZ(P)$ is an affine transformation the Cartan umbrella [Bochnak et al.2013]. The algebraic set $ \ZZ(P) \subset \Real^3$ contains the straight line $ L:= \ZZ( U-1,X_1)$, therefore, it intersects with the surface $ \ZZ(U-e^{X_1})$ along this line. It also contains the straight line $ \ZZ(2X_1-U+1, X_2 \}$, which intersects with $ \ZZ(U-e^{X_1})$ by exactly two points, $ (0,0,1) \in L$ and another point, $ A$, with transcendental coordinates. We now prove that \begin{eqnarray*} \ZZ(P) \cap \ZZ(U-e^{X_1}) = L \cup \{ A \}. \end{eqnarray*}

Let $ f(X_1,X_2):=P(X_1,X_2, e^{X_1})$. Note that $ X_1+e^{X_1}-1$ equals $ 0$ if and only if $ X_1=0$, hence for $ X_1 \neq 0$ the equation $ f=0$ can be rewritten as

\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq} X_2^2=-(2X_1-e^{X_1} +1)^2 \left( \frac{2X_1-e^{X_1}+1}{X_1+e^{X_1}-1}+1 \right). \end{equation}

(1.1)

Now we prove that

\begin{equation}\label{eq:ineq} \frac{2X_1-e^X_1+1}{X_1+e^X_1-1} > -1 \end{equation}

(1.2)

for all $ X_1 \neq 0$. If $ X_1> 0$ then $ X_1+e^{X_1}-1> 0$, hence (1.2) is equivalent to \begin{eqnarray*} 2{X_1}-e^{X_1}+1> -{X_1}-e^{X_1}+1, \end{eqnarray*} i.e., to $ 3{X_1}> 0$, which is obviously true. If $ {X_1}< 0$, then $ {X_1}+e^{X_1}-1< 0$, so (1.2) is equivalent to \begin{eqnarray*} 2{X_1}-e^{X_1}+1< -{X_1}-e^{X_1}+1, \end{eqnarray*} or $ 3{X_1}< 0$, which again is true. It follows that (1.1) can hold true (for $ {X_1} \neq 0$) if and only if $ {X_2}=2{X_1}-e^{X_1}+1=0$, and our claim is proved.

The polynomial $ P$ is irreducible over $ \Real$, hence the algebraic set $ \ZZ(P) \subset \Real^3$ is irreducible over $ \mathbb K$. On the other hand, the set $ \ZZ(f) \subset \Real^2$ is reducible over $ \mathbb K$, with two irreducible components: one-dimensional $ \ZZ(X_1)$ and zero-dimensional \begin{eqnarray*} \ZZ( 2{X_1}-e^{X_1}+1, X_2) \end{eqnarray*} which consists of two points, rational $ (0,0)$ and transcendental projection of $ A$ along $ U$.

2. Regular and Singular Points

The aim of this section is to prove that taking Zariski closure of a set of all points of a given local dimension does not increase the dimension (Theorem 2.19). The idea is to consider the singular locus of the ambient exponential set. To that end, we adjust to the exponential case the standard routine of definitions and statements regarding regular and singular points. We note some differences with the algebraic case, in particular that the dimension of a singular locus of an exponential set may remain the same as the dimension of the set.

Recall that in the introduction we defined the map \begin{eqnarray*} E:\> {\mathbb K}[\X,\Uaa] \to {\mathbb K}[\X,e^{\X}], \end{eqnarray*} such that $ E(P(\X, \Uaa))=P(\X,e^{\X})$, for every $ P \in {\mathbb K}[\X,\Uaa]$.

Lemma 2.1.

The map $ E$ is an isomorphism of rings.

Proof.

Lemma 2.1 immediately implies the following corollary.

Corollary 2.2.

The ring $ {\mathbb K}[\X, e^{\X}]$ is Noetherian.

Given an exponential set $ V\subset\Real^n$, let $ I(V)\subset {\mathbb K}[\X,e^{\X}]$ denote the set of all $ E$-polynomials in $ {\mathbb K}[\X,e^{\X}]$ that vanish on $ V$. It is easy to see that $ I(V)$ is an ideal in $ {\mathbb K}[\X,e^{\X}]$.

The following corollary is an immediate implication of Noetherianity.

Corollary 2.3.

The ideal $ I(V)$ is finitely generated.

The next corollary is a standard implication of Noetherianity (see [[Hartshorne2013], Proposition 1.1]).

Corollary 2.4.

The complements of all exponential sets in $ \Real^n$ form a Noethrian topology on $ \Real^n$. We call this topology the Zariski topology .

Definition 2.5.

A non-empty subset $ \mathcal Y$ of a topological space $ \mathcal X$ is called irreducible if it cannot be represented as a union $ {\mathcal Y}= {\mathcal Y}_1 \cup {\mathcal Y}_2$ of its proper subsets $ {\mathcal Y}_1$ and $ {\mathcal Y}_2$ each of which is closed in $ \mathcal Y$. For an empty set $ \mathcal Y$ irreducibility is undefined.

Applying this definition to $ {\mathcal X}= \Real^n$, equipped with the Zariski topology defined in Corollary 2.4, and $ \mathcal Y$ being an exponential set, we get the definition of an irreducible exponential set.

The following corollary is another standard implication of Noetherianity (see [[Hartshorne2013], Proposition 1.5]).

Corollary 2.6.

Every non-empty exponential set $ V \subset \Real^n$ can be represented as a finite union $ V=V_1 \cup \cdots \cup V_t$ of irreducible exponential sets $ V_i$. If we require $ V_i \not\subset V_j$ for $ i \neq j$, then the sets $ V_i$ are defined uniquely and are called irreducible components of $ V$.

We borrow the definition of a regular point of an exponential set from real algebraic geometry (see [[Benedetti and Risler1990], Definition 3.2.2]). Let $ V \subset \Real^n$ be an exponential set and $ I(V)=(f_1, \ldots ,f_k)$ its ideal generated by exponential polynomials $ f_1, \ldots ,f_k \in {\mathbb K}[\X,e^{\X}]$. Set $ r= \sup_{\x \in V} {\rm rank}\ (V, \x)$, where \begin{eqnarray*} {\rm rank}\ (V, \x) := {\rm rank}\ \left( \frac{\partial (f_1, \ldots ,f_k)}{\partial (X_1, \ldots ,X_n)}(\x) \right). \end{eqnarray*} Note (see [Benedetti and Risler1990]) that the number $ r$ does not depend on the choice of the set of generators $ f_1, \ldots ,f_k$. The number $ r$ is called the rank of the ideal $ I(V)$, and we write $ r= {\rm rank}\ I(V)$.

Definition 2.7.

Let $ V \subset \Real^n$ be an exponential set.

(1) If $ V$ is irreducible then a point $ \x \in V$ is called a regular point of $ V$ if $ {\rm rank}\ (V, \x) = {\rm rank}\ I(V)$.
(2) If $ V$ is reducible then $ \x \in V$ is called regular point of $ V$ if there exists one and only one irreducible component of $ V$ containing $ \x$.
(3) A point $ \x \in V$ that is not regular it is called a singular point of $ V$.
(4) We denote the subset of all regular points of $ V$ by $ {\rm Reg}\ (V)$ and the subset of all singular points of $ V$ by $ {\rm Sing}\ (V)$.
(5) An exponential set is called non-singular if $ V= {\rm Reg}\ (V)$.

The proof of the following lemma is exactly the same as the proof of Proposition 3.2.4 in [Benedetti and Risler1990] for algebraic sets.

Lemma 2.8.

The set $ {\rm Sing}\ (V)$ is an exponential set properly contained in $ V$.

Lemma 2.9.

Let $ V \subset \Real^n$ be an exponential set. Then there is a finite filtration

\begin{equation}\label{eq:singfilt} V \supset {\rm Sing}\ (V) \supset {\rm Sing}\ ({\rm Sing}\ (V)) \supset {\rm Sing}\ ({\rm Sing}\ ({\rm Sing}\ (V))) \supset \cdots \end{equation}

(2.1)

such that the last set in the chain is non-singular.

Proof.

Remark 2.10.

It follows from Lemma 2.9 that we can define a "non-singular stratification" of an exponential set $ V \subset \Real^n$ as the following finite partition \begin{eqnarray*} V= {\rm Reg }\ (V) \cup {\rm Reg }\ ({\rm Sing }\ (V)) \cup {\rm Reg}\ (({\rm Sing}\ ({\rm Sing}\ (V)))) \cup \cdots. \end{eqnarray*}

The proof of the following lemma is exactly the same as the proof of Proposition 3.2.9 in [Benedetti and Risler1990] for algebraic sets.

Lemma 2.11.

If $ V\subset\Real^n$ is an irreducible exponential set, then for every $ \x \in {\rm Reg}\ (V)$ there exists a Zariski neighbourhood $ U$ of $ \x$ in $ \Real^n$, and exponential polynomials $ f_1, \ldots ,f_r \in I(V)$ such that $ V \cap U = U \cap \{f_1= \cdots =f_r=0 \}$, and \begin{eqnarray*} {\rm rank}\ \left( \frac{\partial (f_1, \ldots ,f_r)}{\partial (X_1, \ldots ,X_n)} (\y) \right) = {\rm rank}\ I(V)=r \end{eqnarray*} for every $ \y \in V \cap U$.

In particular, $ {\rm Reg}\ (V)$ is a real analytic submanifold of $ \Real^n$ of dimension $ n-r$.

Remark 2.10 and Lemma 2.11 allow to define the notion of the dimension of an exponential set.

Definition 2.12.

Let $ V \subset \Real^n$ be an exponential set.

(1) The dimension of $ V $, denoted by $ \dim V$, is the maximal dimension of real analytic manifolds comprising the non-singular stratification of $ V$. The dimension $ \dim ({\rm Reg}\ (V))$ of the set of regular points of $ V$ is its dimension as a real analytic manifold.
(2) If $ \dim V=n-1$, we call $ V$ a hypersurface in $ \Real^n$.
(3) For $ \x \in V$ we denote by $ \dim_{\x} V$ the local dimension of $ V$ at $ \x$, i.e., the maximal dimension of real analytic manifolds which are intersections of elements of the non-singular stratification of $ V$ with an Euclidean neighbourhood of $ \x$ in $ \Real^n$.

For an exponential set $ V \subset \Real^n$ one can also introduce the analogy of the Krull dimension as follows.

Definition 2.13.

The Krull dimension of $ V$, denoted by $ \dim_K (V)$, is largest $ d\in\N$ such that there is a filtration $ V_0 \subset V_1 \subset \cdots \subset V_d$ of pair-wise distinct irreducible exponential subsets of $ V$.

Unlike the case of real or complex algebraic sets, $ \dim (V)$ does not necessarily coincide with $ \dim_K (V)$ as is shown in the following example.

Example 2.14.

Consider the irreducible two-point exponential set \begin{eqnarray*} V:=\ZZ(2X-e^X+1) \subset \Real^1 \end{eqnarray*} from Example 1.2. Observe that $ T:= \ZZ(X)$ is also irreducible. Since we have $ T\subsetneq V$ it follows that $ \dim_K V=1$, while $ \dim V=0$. Further, we can conclude from $ \dim_K V=1$ that $ \dim_K \Real^1 \ge 2$. On the other hand $ \dim_K \Real^1 \le 2$, since every nonempty irreducible exponential subset in $ \Real^1$, consisting of a finite number of points, having a point different from $ T$, and properly containing another such set, would contain an algebraic point different from $ T$, which contradicts Lindemann's theorem. So we conclude that $ \dim_K \Real^1 = 2$. Note that every exponential set in $ \Real^1$ which is irreducible over $ \Real$ (rather than over $ \mathbb K$) is an irreducible algebraic set over $ \Real$ (actually, a singleton). Hence, the Krull dimension of $ \Real^1$ is 1 in this case.

In view of this example we emphasize that in the sequel we will be using the concept of dimension exclusively in the sense of Definition 2.12.

We can also observe that unlike the case of real or complex algebraic sets, the dimension of an exponential set $ V$ may coincide with the dimension of its singular locus $ {\rm Sing}\ (V)$ as shown in the following example.

Example 2.15.

Let $ V:= \ZZ\left((2X-e^X+1)(3X-e^X+1)\right) \subset \Real^1$. Clearly, $ T:=\ZZ(X) \subset {\rm Sing}\ (V)$ (in fact, $ T = {\rm Sing}\ (V)$) but $ \dim (T)= \dim (V)$.

Lemma 2.16.

For any exponential set $ V$ one has $ \dim ({\rm Sing}\ (V)) \le \dim ({\rm Reg}\ (V))$.

Proof.

Corollary 2.17.

Let $ \dim (V) =r$ and $ \dim_{\x} (V) < r$ for some $ \x \in V$. Then $ \x \in {\rm Sing}\ (V)$.

Proof.

Definition 2.18.

For an exponential set $ V$ and $ 0 \le p \le \dim (V)$ denote $ V_p:= \{ \x \in V|\> \dim_{\x} (V)=p \}$.

Theorem 2.19.

Let $ V_p \neq \emptyset$ for some $ 0 \le p \le \dim (V)$. There is an exponential subset $ W \subset V$ such that $ \dim (W)=p$ and $ V_\ell \subset W$ for all $ 0 \le \ell \le p$.

Proof.

Remark 2.20.

For an integer $ k$ such that $ 0 \le k \le n$, let \begin{eqnarray*} \X_k:= (X_1, \ldots , X_k),\> \Uaa_k:= (U_1, \ldots ,U_k),\> \text{and}\> e^{\X_k} := (e^{X_1}, \ldots ,e^{X_k}). \end{eqnarray*} All definitions in this section can be extended to the ring of functions $ {\mathbb K}[\X, e^{\X_k}]$ (polynomials in $ n$ variables $ X_1, \ldots ,X_n$ and $ k$ exponentials $ e^{X_1}, \ldots ,e^{X_k}$). In particular, we consider Zariski topology in $ \Real^n$ with all closed sets of the kind $ \ZZ (f)$, where $ f \in {\mathbb K}[\X, e^{\X_k}]$. If $ \ZZ (f)$ is irreducible with respect to this topology, we will say that it is irreducible in $ {\mathbb K}[\X, e^{\X_k}]$. It is easy to check that all statements in this section, including Theorem 2.19, hold true for an arbitrary fixed $ k$.

3. Case of a Single Exponential

In this section we consider the case of exponential sets that involve only a single exponential, i.e., exponential sets defined by $ E$-polynomials $ f=P(X_1, \ldots , X_n, e^{X_1})$ with $ P \in {\mathbb K}[\X, U_1]$. We denote $ V:=\ZZ(f)$ and $ m:=\dim(V)$. Let $ \pi: \> \Real^{n+1} \to \Real^{n}$ be the projection map along $ U_1$.

Definition 3.1.

A real algebraic set $ W \subset \Real^{n+1}$ is called admissible for $ V$ if \begin{eqnarray*} V= \pi \left( \left( W \cap \ZZ \left( U_1-e^{X_1} \right) \right) \cup \ZZ(P, X_1, U_1-1) \right) \end{eqnarray*} and $ \dim (W) \le m+1$.

Lemma 3.2.

There exists an admissible set for $ V$.

Proof.

Lemma 3.3.

Let $ W^{(1)}, \ldots ,W^{(t)}$ be all irreducible components of an admissible set $ W$ for $ V$. Let $ A$ be an $ m$-dimensional irreducible component of $ V$. Then, either $ A$ coincides with $ \pi (W^{(i)} \cap \ZZ(U_1-e^{X_1}))$ for some $ 1\leq i\leq t$, or $ A$ is the union of an $ m$-dimensional algebraic subset of $ \ZZ(X_1)$ and a (possibly empty) set of points having local dimensions less than $ m$.

Proof.

Corollary 3.4.

Let $ \ZZ(P)$ be an irreducible algebraic set and let $ \dim (V)=m=n-1$. Then $ V$ is either irreducible or every $ (n-1)$-dimensional irreducible component of $ V$ is the union of the hyperplane $ \ZZ(X_1)$ and a set of points having local dimensions less than $ n-1$.

Proof.

Theorem 3.5.

Every $ m$-dimensional irreducible component of $ V$ either coincides with $ \pi (W^{(i)} \cap \ZZ(U_1-e^{X_1}))$ for some $ 1\leq i\leq t$, or is an algebraic subset of $ \ZZ(X_1)$.

Proof.

Example 3.6.

Let $ P:= X_1^2+(X_2^2+ (U_1-1)^2-1)^2$. Note that $ \ZZ(P) \subset \Real^3$ is a 1-dimensional set (a unit circle, centered at $ (0,0,1)$) in the coordinate plane $ \ZZ(X_1)$, hence is irreducible. Let $ V=\ZZ(E(P))$. We can choose the admissible family for $ V$ consisting of the unique set $ \ZZ(P)$. Then $ V$ is the projection of the 0-dimensional algebraic set $ \ZZ(P, U_1-1, X_1)$, is reducible, and consists of two irreducible components, $ \ZZ(X_1^2 + (X_2 + 1)^2)$ and $ \ZZ( X_1^2 + (X_2 - 1)^2)$.

The following corollary is immediate.

Corollary 3.7.

If $ \ZZ(P)$ is an irreducible algebraic set and $ \dim (V)=n-1$, then $ V$ is either irreducible or it has a unique $ (n-1)$-dimensional irreducible component coinciding with the hyperplane $ \ZZ(X_1)$.

For the case of a reducible $ V$ this corollary can be illustrated by Example 1.4.

Corollary 3.8.

The number of all irreducible components of $ V$ does not exceed $ (cd)^n$, where $ c$ is an absolute positive constant and $ d$ is the total degree of polynomial $ P$.

Proof.

Observe that the bound in Corollary 3.8 is asymptotically tight because it is tight already for polynomials.

4. Case of Many Exponentials

Consider a polynomial $ P \in {\mathbb K}[\X, \Uaa]$. Then every monomial of $ P$, with respect to the variables $ U_1, \ldots , U_n$, is of the kind $ A_\nu U_1^{d_{1 \nu}} \cdots U_n^{d_{n \nu}}$ with $ A_\nu \in {\mathbb K}[\X]$, $ d_{i \nu} \ge 0$. We associate with $ P$ the following union of linear subspaces: \begin{eqnarray*} W_P:= \bigcup_{\nu, \mu} \{ d_{1 \nu}X_1 + \cdots + d_{n \nu}X_v= d_{1 \mu}X_1 + \cdots + d_{n \mu}X_n \}, \end{eqnarray*} where the union is taken over all pairs of different monomials. (If there is at most one monomial with respect to $ \Uaa$, then $ W_P$ is undefined.)

The following lemma is a version of the Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem.

Lemma 4.1.

If for some point $ \x=(x_1, \ldots ,x_n) \in \Real_{alg}^n$ the polynomial $ Q:= P(\x, \Uaa) \in \Real_{alg}[\Uaa]$ is not identically zero and $ Q(e^{x_1}, \ldots , e^{x_n})=0$, then $ \x \in W_P$.

Proof.

Denote $ f:= E(P)$, $ V:=\ZZ(f) \subset \Real^n$, $ V':=V {\setminus} W_P$.

Lemma 4.2.

$ V$ is an algebraic set if and only if $ V' \times \Real^n \subset \ZZ(P)$.

Proof.

Corollary 4.3.

Let $ V$ be an irreducible algebraic set with $ \dim (V)=n-1$. Then either $ V$ is a hyperplane in $ W_P$, or $ V \times \Real^n$ is an irreducible component of $ \ZZ(P)$.

Proof.

Consider a polynomial $ S\in {\mathbb K}[\X, \Uaa]$. Let $ g:=E(S)$, $ T:= \ZZ (g)$. Suppose that $ \dim (T)=n-1$, and that $ T_{n-1} \subset B$, where $ B$ is an $ (n-1)$-dimensional algebraic set defined over $ {\mathbb K}$. Represent $ S$ as a polynomial in $ \Uaa$ with coefficients in $ {\mathbb K} [\X]$. Then every monomial is of the kind $ A_\nu U_{1}^{d_{1 \nu}} \cdots U_{n}^{d_{n \nu}}$, with $ A_\nu \in {\mathbb K} [\X]$, $ d_{i \nu} \ge 0$. Consider the algebraic set \begin{eqnarray*} W_S:= \bigcup_{\nu, \mu} \{ d_{1 \nu}X_{1}+ \cdots + d_{n \nu}X_{n} = d_{1 \mu}X_{1}+ \cdots + d_{n \mu}X_{n} \}, \end{eqnarray*} where the union is taken over all pairs of different monomials.

Lemma 4.4.

With the notations described above, the following inclusions take place:

(i) $ (T {\setminus} W_S)_{n-1} \times \Real^n \subset \ZZ(S)$;
(ii) $ (T {\setminus} (W_P \cup W_S))_{n-1} \times \Real^n \subset \ZZ(P,S)$;
(iii) $ (T \cap W_S) {\setminus} W_P)_{n-1} \times \Real^n \subset \ZZ(P)$.

Proof.

Now we assume that $ V=\ZZ(f) \subset \Real^n$ and $ T=\ZZ(g) \subset \Real^n$ are exponential sets, not necessarily algebraic. We will associate with these sets polynomials $ P,\ S$ and sets $ W_P,\ W_S$ as above.

Lemma 4.5.

Let $ \dim (V)= n-1$ and $ \ZZ(P)$ be irreducible. Let $ T \subset V$ be a $ (n-1)$-dimensional irreducible component of $ V$, with irreducible $ \ZZ(S)$, such that there is an $ (n-1)$-dimensional algebraic set $ B$ (defined over $ \mathbb K$) containing $ T_{n-1}$. Then either $ V= T$ or $ T_{n-1} \subset W_P$.

Proof.

Remark 4.6.

Lemma 4.5 can be viewed as an analogy, in codimension 1, of the classical Ax-Lindemann theorem (see its modern treatment in [[Pila2015], Section 6]) which deals with exponential sums over complex numbers.

Corollary 4.7.

Let $ V \subset \Real^n$ be an $ (n-1)$-dimensional algebraic set over $ \mathbb K$, which is irreducible as an algebraic set. Then it's irreducible.

Proof.

5. Proof of the Main Theorem

Schanuel's conjecture over real numbers is the following statement. Suppose that for real numbers $ x_1, \ldots , x_n$ the transcendence degree \begin{eqnarray*} {\rm td}_{\mathbb Q}(x_1, \ldots ,x_n,e^{x_1}, \ldots ,e^{x_n}) < n. \end{eqnarray*} Then there are integers $ m_1, \ldots ,m_n$, not all zero, such that $ m_1x_1 + \cdots + m_nx_n=0$.

This statement (along with its other versions) is the central, yet unsettled, conjecture in transcendental number theory (see [Lang1966], [Kirby2007]).

Throughout this section we will assume that for $ P \in {\mathbb K}[\X,\Uaa]$ the real algebraic set $ \ZZ(P)\subset \Real^{2n}$ is irreducible, and that for $ f=E(P)$ the exponential set $ V:=\ZZ(f) \subset \Real^{n}$, is a hypersurface, i.e., $ \dim (V)=n-1$. The case $ n=1$ is covered in Sect. 3, so in the sequel assume that $ n> 1$.

Lemma 5.1.

Assuming Schanuel's conjecture, every $ (n-1)$-dimensional irreducible component of $ V$ either coincides with $ V$ ($ V$ is irreducible), or it is the finite union of hyperplanes through the origin, defined over $ \Q$, and a set of points having local dimension less than $ n-1$.

Proof.

Suppose $ V$ is reducible and $ T$ is its irreducible component having dimension $ n-1$. Then $ T= \ZZ(g) \subset \Real^n$ for a suitable $ E$-polynomial $ g$ such that $ g=E(S)$, where $ S \in {\mathbb K}[\X, \Uaa]$.

Let $ \dim \ZZ(P)=m$ for some $ n-1 \le m \le 2n-1$, and $ \dim (\ZZ(P, S))= \ell$ for some $ n-1 \le \ell$. Observe that $ \ell < m$, otherwise $ \ZZ(P) \subset \ZZ(S)$ since $ \ZZ(P)$ is irreducible, which contradicts the existence of components of $ V$ different from $ T$. In particular, $ n \le m$ and $ \ell \le 2n-2$.

The projection of the $ (n-1)$-dimensional set \begin{eqnarray*} \ZZ(P, S, U_1-e^{X_1},\ldots , U_n-e^{X_n})=\ZZ(S, U_1-e^{X_1}, \ldots , U_n-e^{X_n}) \end{eqnarray*} to a coordinate subspace of some $ n-1$ coordinates $ X_1, \ldots ,X_{\alpha-1},X_{\alpha+1}, \ldots , X_n$, where $ 1 \le \alpha \le n$, is $ (n-1)$-dimensional. Consider any such $ \alpha$. Then the projection contains a dense (in this projection) set of points $ (x_1, \ldots ,x_{\alpha -1},x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots ,x_n) \in \Real_{alg}^{n-1}$ and for each such point the intersection \begin{eqnarray*} \ZZ(S, P, X_1-x_1, \ldots ,X_{\alpha -1}-x_{\alpha -1}, X_{\alpha +1}-x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots , X_n-x_n ) \end{eqnarray*} is an algebraic set defined over $ \mathbb K$.

Observe that the set of points $ (x_1, \ldots ,x_{\alpha -1},x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots ,x_n)$ such that the dimension \begin{eqnarray*} \dim (\ZZ( S, P, X_1-x_1, \ldots ,X_{\alpha -1}-x_{\alpha -1}, X_{\alpha +1}-x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots , X_n-x_n )) \end{eqnarray*} is larger than $ \ell -n+1$ is a semialgebraic set in $ \Real^{n-1}$ having dimension less than $ n-1$. Hence, for a dense subset of algebraic points $ (x_1, \ldots ,x_{\alpha -1},x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots ,x_n)$ in $ \Real^{n-1}$ the dimension of the algebraic set \begin{eqnarray*} \ZZ(S, P, X_1-x_1, \ldots ,X_{\alpha -1}-x_{\alpha -1}, X_{\alpha +1}-x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots , X_n-x_n ) \end{eqnarray*} is at most $ \ell -n+1$, i.e., at most $ n-1$.

Represent $ P$ as a polynomial in $ \Uaa$ with coefficients in $ {\mathbb K} [\X]$. Every monomial is then of the kind \begin{eqnarray*} A_\nu U_{1}^{d_{1 \nu}} \cdots U_{n}^{d_{n \nu}}, \end{eqnarray*} with $ A_\nu \in {\mathbb K}[\X]$, $ d_{j \nu} \ge 0$. Consider the real algebraic set \begin{eqnarray*} B:= \bigcup_\nu \{A_\nu=0 \} \cup \bigcup_{\nu,\mu} \{ d_{1 \nu}X_{1}+ \cdots + d_{n \nu}X_{n} = d_{1 \mu}X_{1}+ \cdots + d_{n \mu}X_{n} \}, \end{eqnarray*} where the first union is taken over all monomials, while the second union is taken over all pairs of different monomials.

Suppose first that $ \dim (T {\setminus} B)< n-1$. Then $ T_{n-1} \subset B$. By Lemma 4.5, either $ V= T$ or $ T_{n-1} \subset W_P$. The first of these alternatives contradicts the reducibility of $ V$, hence, $ T_{n-1}$ is a union of rational hyperplanes through the origin, and the lemma is proved.

Suppose now that $ \dim (T {\setminus} B)= n-1$. Then there exists a number $ \alpha,\ 1 \le \alpha \le n$, a point $ (x_1, \ldots ,x_{\alpha -1}, x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots ,x_n) \in \Real_{alg}^{n-1}$, and a number $ x_\alpha \in \Real$ such that

(1) $ (x_1, \ldots ,x_n) \in T {\setminus} B$;
(2) the numbers $ x_j$, where $ j \in \{1, \ldots, \alpha -1,\alpha +1, \ldots ,n \}$, are linearly independent over $ \Q$;
(3) the dimension of \begin{eqnarray*} \ZZ( S, P, X_1-x_1, \ldots ,X_{\alpha -1}-x_{\alpha -1}, X_{\alpha +1}-x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots , X_n-x_n ) \end{eqnarray*} is at most $ n-1$.

Let $ (x_1, \ldots ,x_{\alpha -1}, x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots ,x_n)$ be such point. Then the set \begin{eqnarray*} \ZZ( S, U_1-e^{X_1}, \ldots , U_n-e^{X_n} ) \subset \Real^{2n} \end{eqnarray*} contains a point, namely, $ (x_1, \ldots , x_n, e^{x_1}, \ldots , e^{x_n})$, which also lies in an algebraic set \begin{eqnarray*} \ZZ( S,\ P, X_1-x_1, \ldots ,X_{\alpha -1}-x_{\alpha -1}, X_{\alpha +1}-x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots , X_n-x_n ) \end{eqnarray*} of dimension at most $ n-1$. By Schanuel's conjecture, $ m_1x_1+ \cdots + m_nx_n=0$ for some integers $ m_1, \ldots , m_n$, not all equal to 0. Since $ (x_1, \ldots ,x_{\alpha -1}, x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots ,x_n)$ are algebraic numbers, linearly independent over $ \Q$, we have $ m_\alpha \neq 0$, hence, $ x_\alpha$ is also algebraic.

Thus, the point $ (x_1, \ldots ,x_n)$ has real algebraic coordinates. Then $ (x_1, \ldots ,x_n) \in B$, either because all coefficients $ A_\nu$ vanish (hence the polynomial $ P(x_1, \ldots ,x_n, \Uaa)$ is identically zero with respect to $ \Uaa$), or otherwise, by Lemma 4.1, since \begin{eqnarray*} (e^{x_1}, \ldots , e^{x_n}) \in \ZZ(S(x_1, \ldots ,x_n, \Uaa)). \end{eqnarray*} This contradicts condition (1). It follows that components $ T$, with the property \begin{eqnarray*} \dim (T {\setminus} B)= n-1, \end{eqnarray*} do not exist. ⬜

Remark 5.2.

In the proof of Lemma 5.1 the following implication of Schanuel's conjecture was actually used, rather than Schanuel's conjecture per se . If numbers \begin{eqnarray*} x_1, \ldots ,x_{\alpha -1}, x_{\alpha +1}, \ldots ,x_n \in \Real_{alg} \end{eqnarray*} are linearly independent over $ \Q$, $ x_\alpha \in \Real$, and the transcendence degree of \begin{eqnarray*} x_1, \ldots ,x_n, e^{x_1}, \ldots , e^{x_n} \end{eqnarray*} is less than $ n$, then $ x_\alpha \in \Real_{alg}$. It is not known whether this particular case of Schanuel's conjecture is true. As [Waldschmidt2016] pointed out, this particular case implies, for $ n=2$, that $ e$ and $ \log 2$ are algebraically independent, which is not known.

Proof of Theorem 1.1.

Recall the definition of the ring $ {\mathbb K}[\X, e^{\X_k}]$, for $ 0 \le k \le n$, in Remark 2.20. Assuming Schanuel's conjecture, the following statement is a generalization of Corollary 4.7.

Corollary 5.3.

Let $ P \in {\mathbb K}[\X, \Uaa_k]$ and assume that $ \ZZ (P) \in \Real^{n+k}$ is irreducible. Let $ f:=E(P) \in {\mathbb K}[\X, e^{\X_k}]$ and $ \ZZ (f)$ be an $ (n-1)$-dimensional exponential set, irreducible in $ {\mathbb K}[\X, e^{\X_k}]$. Then, assuming Schanuel's conjecture, $ \ZZ (f)$ is irreducible.

Proof.

6. Open Questions

7. Appendix

In this section we prove a transversality property for $ E$- polynomials depending on a single exponential.

The following statement is well known to experts but we could not find an exact reference to it in literature.

Proposition 7.1.

Let $ {\mathcal X} \subset \Real^n$ be an intersection of an algebraic set and an open set. Then there is a Whitney stratification of $ \mathcal X$ (with connected strata) such that for each stratum $ S$ there is an open set $ \mathcal U$ containing $ S$ such that $ S$ coincides with the intersection of $ \mathcal U$ with an algebraic set. Moreover, if the algebraic set in $ \mathcal X$ is defined over $ \Real_{alg}$ then the algebraic set in $ S$ is defined over $ \Real_{alg}$.

Proof.

Let $ P \in {\mathbb K}[\X, U_1]$, $ f=E(P)$, $ V= \ZZ (f)$, and $ \pi:\> \Real^{n+1} \to \Real^{n}$ be the projection map along $ U_1$.

Theorem 7.2.

Assume that for some $ 0 \le p \le \dim (V)$ there is a point $ \x=(x_1, \ldots x_n) \in V_p$ with $ x_1\neq 0$. Let $ \z \in \ZZ(P, U_1-e^{X_1} )$ be such that $ \pi (\z)= \x$. Then we have $ \dim_{\z} (\ZZ(P))=p+1$.

Proof.

Let $ \mathcal U$ be a neighbourhood of $ \z$ in $ \Real^{n+1}$. By Proposition 7.1 there exists a Whitney stratification of $ \ZZ(P) \cap {\mathcal U}$. Let $ S$ be a stratum of this stratification containing $ \z$, and let $ S$ be an intersection of an algebraic set $ S'$ and an open set in $ \Real^{n+1}$.

Note that $ S$ and $ \ZZ(U_1-e^{X_1})$ are real analytic submanifolds of $ \Real^{n+1}$.

To begin, we prove the following claim. Claim: The manifolds $ S$ and $ \ZZ( U_1-e^{X_1})$ cannot be tangent at $ \z$.

This claim implies that if $ \dim (S)> 0$, then $ S$ and $ \ZZ( U_1-e^{X_1})$ are transverse at $ \z$ in $ \Real^{n+1}$.

To verify this claim we proceed by induction on $ \dim S$. Since any algebraic point in $ \ZZ(U_1-e^{X_1})$ will require $ x_1=0$, the base case of the induction, with $ \dim (S)=0$, is immediate.

For the induction step assume that $ \dim (S)=n-k+1$ for some $ 1 \le k < n+1$. Then, we can deduce from Lemma 2.11 the existence of a neighbourhood $ \mathcal V$ of $ \z$ in $ \Real^{n+1}$ such that \begin{eqnarray*} \mathcal V \cap S= \mathcal V \cap \ZZ(P_1,\cdots,P_k), \end{eqnarray*} where all $ P_i$ are polynomials in $ I(S')$, and the Jacobian $ (k \times (n+1))$-matrix of the system $ P_1= \cdots =P_k=0$ has the maximal rank $ k$ at $ \z$. Now, assume that $ S$ and $ \ZZ(U_1-e^{X_1})$ intersect tangentially at $ \z$. Then all $ (k+1) \times (k+1)$-minors of the Jacobian $ (k+1) \times (n+1)$-matrix \begin{eqnarray*} \frac{ \partial (U-e^{X_1}, P_1, \ldots , P_k)}{\partial(U,X_1, \ldots , X_n)} \end{eqnarray*} vanish at $ \z$. In particular, all of the following minors vanish:

\begin{equation}\label{eq:jacob1} \frac{\partial (U-e^{X_1}, P_1, \ldots , P_k)}{\partial (U, X_1, X_{i_1}, \ldots ,X_{i_{k-1}})} \end{equation}

(7.1)

for all subsets $ \{ i_1, \ldots ,i_{k-1} \} \subset \{2, \ldots ,n \}$.

Also, if $ k < n$, all of the following minors vanish:

\begin{equation}\label{eq:jacob2} \frac{\partial(P_1, \ldots ,P_k)}{\partial(X_{i_1}, \ldots ,X_{i_k})} \end{equation}

(7.2)

for all subsets $ \{ i_1, \ldots ,i_k \} \subset \{2, \ldots ,n \}$.

Clearly, the determinant of (7.1) equals \begin{eqnarray*} D (U,X_1, \ldots ,X_n)= \det \frac{\partial (P_1, \ldots, P_k)}{\partial (X_1,X_{i_1}, \ldots ,X_{i_{k-1}})} - e^{X_1} \det \frac{ \partial (P_1, \ldots ,P_k)}{\partial (U, X_{i_1}, \ldots , X_{i_{k-1}})}. \end{eqnarray*} Define $ \widehat{D}$ by replacing $ e^{X_1}$ by $ U$ in $ D$. Then $ \widehat D(\z)= D(\z)$.

Observe that \begin{eqnarray*} A(U, X_1, \ldots ,X_n):=\det \frac{\partial (P_1, \ldots ,P_k)}{\partial (U,X_{i_1}, \ldots ,X_{i_{k-1}})} \neq 0 \end{eqnarray*} at $ \z$ for some subset $ \{ i_1, \ldots ,i_{k-1} \} \subset \{2, \ldots ,n \}$. Indeed, otherwise for all subsets $ \{ i_1, \ldots ,i_{k-1} \}$ the condition $ D(U,X_1, \ldots ,X_n)=0$ would imply that \begin{eqnarray*} B(U, X_1, \ldots ,X_n):=\det \frac{\partial (P_1, \ldots, P_k)}{\partial (X_1,X_{i_1}, \ldots ,X_{i_{k-1}})} =0 \end{eqnarray*} at $ \z$. Hence, all $ k \times k$-minors for the system $ P_1= \cdots =P_k=0$ vanish at $ \z$, taking into the account that all minors (7.2) vanish at $ \z$ when $ k< n$. This contradicts the supposition that the Jacobian matrix of the system has the maximal rank at $ \z$.

We conclude that $ A(U, X_1, \ldots ,X_n) \neq 0$ at $ \z$ for some subset $ \{ i_1, \ldots ,i_{k-1} \} \subset \{2, \ldots ,n \}$. Fix such a subset $ \{ i_1, \ldots ,i_{k-1} \} \subset \{2, \ldots ,n \}$. Then we can consider $ P_1= \cdots =P_k=0$ as an implicit map $ F=(F_1,F_{i_1}, \ldots , F_{i_{k-1}})$ from the vector space of variables $ X_1, X_{j_1}, \ldots ,X_{j_{n-k}}$ to the vector space of variables $ U, X_{i_1}, \ldots ,X_{i_{k-1}}$, with \begin{eqnarray*} \{ j_1, \ldots ,j_{n-k} \}= \{2, \ldots , n\} {\setminus} \{i_1, \ldots , i_{k-1} \}. \end{eqnarray*} In particular, there is a differentiable function $ F_1(X_1, X_{j_1}, \ldots ,X_{j_{n-k}})=U$, whose partial derivative with respect to $ X_1$ in the neighbourhood of $ \z$ is given, according to formulae for differentiating of implicit functions, by \begin{eqnarray*} \frac{\partial F_1}{\partial X_1}(X_1, X_{j_1}, \ldots ,X_{j_{n-k}})= - \frac{B(U, X_1, \ldots ,X_n)} {A(U, X_1, \ldots ,X_n)}. \end{eqnarray*}

Suppose that $ \widehat D$ vanishes identically in the neighbourhood of $ \z$ in $ S$. Then, in the neighbourhood, \begin{eqnarray*} U= \frac{B(U, X_1, \ldots ,X_n)}{A(U, X_1, \ldots ,X_n)}, \end{eqnarray*} and therefore, \begin{eqnarray*} \frac{\partial F_1}{\partial X_1}(X_1, X_{j_1}, \ldots ,X_{j_{n-k}})=- F_1(X_1, X_{j_1}, \ldots ,X_{j_{n-k}}). \end{eqnarray*} Let $ G$ be the restriction of $ F_1$ to the straight line $ \ZZ( X_{j_1}-x_{j_1}, \ldots , X_{j_{n-k}}-x_{j_{n-k}})$. Then $ G$ satisfies the differential equation $ dG/dX_1=-G$, hence $ G(X_1)=e^{-X_1}$. Since $ \ZZ(G(X_1)-U )$ is a semialgebraic curve at $ \z$, we get a contradiction. Therefore, $ \widehat D$ does not vanish identically in the neighbourhood of $ \z$ in $ S$.

It follows that $ \dim_{\z} (\widehat D \cap S) < n-k+1$. The set $ \widehat D \cap S$ is either smooth at $ \z$, or $ \z$ is its singular point. In the first case, $ T_{\z}(\widehat D \cap S) \subset T_{\z}(S)$, hence $ \widehat D \cap S$ is tangent to $ \ZZ(U-e^{X_1})$ at $ \z$, which is impossible by the inductive hypothesis. In the second case, $ \z$ belongs to a stratum of a smooth stratification of $ \widehat D \cap S$, which has even smaller dimension than $ \dim_{\z} (\widehat D \cap S)$. This is again impossible by the inductive hypothesis. Therefore, $ S$ and $ \ZZ( U-e^{X_1} )$ do not meet tangentially at $ \z$. The claim is proved.

To finish the proof of the theorem, we can assume that $ S$ is transverse to $ \ZZ(U-e^{X_1})$ at $ \z$. Let $ R$ be any other stratum of the stratification such that $ S \subset \overline R$. Since $ \ZZ (U-e^{X_1} )$ is an oriented hypersurface in $ \Real^n$, there are two points $ {\bf a}, {\bf b} \in S$ on different sides of $ \ZZ(U-e^{X_1})$. There is an open curve interval $ \gamma \subset R$ such that $ {\bf a}, {\bf b} \in \overline \gamma$. Then $ \gamma \cap \ZZ(U-e^{X_1}) \neq \emptyset$, thus $ \ZZ( U-e^{X_1} ) \cap R \neq \emptyset$. Since, by [Trotman1976], Whitney's $ (a)$-regularity implies Thom's $ (t)$-regularity, the manifolds $ \ZZ(U-e^{X_1})$ and $ R$ are transverse in a neighbourhood of $ \z$. But $ \dim_{\z} (\ZZ(P, U-e^{X_1}))=p$, while $ \dim (\ZZ( U-e^{X_1}))=n-1$. It follows that $ \dim_{\z} (\ZZ(P))=p+1$. ⬜

Acknowledgements.

References

[Baker1990] Baker, A.: Transcendental number theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990)
[Benedetti and Risler1990] Benedetti, R., Risler, J.-J.: Real Algebraic and Semi-algebraic Sets. Hermann, Paris (1990)
[Bochnak et al.2013] Bochnak, J., Coste, M., Roy, M.F.: Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. Real algebraic geometry, vol. 36. Springer, Berlin (2013)
[Gabrielov and Vorobjov2004] Gabrielov, A., Vorobjov, N.: Complexity of computations with Pfaffian and Noetherian functions. Normal forms, bifurcations and finiteness problems in differential equations, pp. 211–250. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2004)
[Hartshorne2013] Hartshorne, R.: Graduate texts in mathematics. Algebraic geometry, vol. 52. Springer, Berlin (2013)
[Kazarnovskii1997] Kazarnovskii, B.: Exponential analytic sets. Funct. Anal. Appl. 31 , 86–94 (1997)
[Khovanskii1991] Khovanskii, A.G.: Translations of mathematical monographs. Fewnomials, vol. 88. American Mathematical Society, Providence (1991)
[Kirby2007] Kirby, J.: Variants of Schanuel's conjecture. Preprint (2007)
[Lang1966] Lang, S.: Introduction to transcendental numbers. Addison Wesley, Reading (1966)
[Macintyre and Wilkie1996] Macintyre, A., Wilkie, A.J.: On the decidability of the real exponential field. Kreiseliana: about and around Georg Kreisel. A K Peters, Wellesley (1996)
[Pila2015] Pila, J.: Functional transcendence via o-minimality. O-Minimality and Diophantine Geometry London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, pp. 66–99. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2015)
[Rannou1998] Rannou, E.: The complexity of stratification computation. Discret. Comput. Geom. 19 , 47–78 (1998)
[Roy and Vorobjov1994] Roy, M.-F., Vorobjov, N.: Finding irreducible components of some real transcendental varieties. Comput. Complex. 4 (2), 107–132 (1994)
[Roy and Vorobjov2002] Roy, M.-F., Vorobjov, N.: The complexification and degree of a semi-algebraic set. Mathematische Zeitschrift 239 , 131–142 (2002)
[Teissier1982] Teissier, B.: Variétés polaires. II: Multiplicités polaires, sections planes et conditions de Whitney. In: Algebraic geometry, Proc. int. Conf., La Rábida/Spain 1981, Lect. Notes Math. 961, Springer, pp. 314–491 (1982)
[Trotman1976] Trotman, D.: A transversality property weaker than Whitney (a)-regularity. Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 8 , 225–228 (1976)
[Waldschmidt2016] Waldschmidt, M.: Private communication (2016)
[Zilber2002] Zilber, B.: Exponential sums equations and the Schanuel conjecture. J. Lond. Math. Soc. 65 (2), 27–44 (2002)

× Baker, A.: Transcendental number theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990)
× Benedetti, R., Risler, J.-J.: Real Algebraic and Semi-algebraic Sets. Hermann, Paris (1990)
× Bochnak, J., Coste, M., Roy, M.F.: Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. Real algebraic geometry, vol. 36. Springer, Berlin (2013)
× Gabrielov, A., Vorobjov, N.: Complexity of computations with Pfaffian and Noetherian functions. Normal forms, bifurcations and finiteness problems in differential equations, pp. 211–250. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2004)
× Hartshorne, R.: Graduate texts in mathematics. Algebraic geometry, vol. 52. Springer, Berlin (2013)
× Kazarnovskii, B.: Exponential analytic sets. Funct. Anal. Appl. 31 , 86–94 (1997)
× Khovanskii, A.G.: Translations of mathematical monographs. Fewnomials, vol. 88. American Mathematical Society, Providence (1991)
× Kirby, J.: Variants of Schanuel's conjecture. Preprint (2007)
× Lang, S.: Introduction to transcendental numbers. Addison Wesley, Reading (1966)
× Macintyre, A., Wilkie, A.J.: On the decidability of the real exponential field. Kreiseliana: about and around Georg Kreisel. A K Peters, Wellesley (1996)
× Pila, J.: Functional transcendence via o-minimality. O-Minimality and Diophantine Geometry London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, pp. 66–99. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2015)
× Rannou, E.: The complexity of stratification computation. Discret. Comput. Geom. 19 , 47–78 (1998)
× Roy, M.-F., Vorobjov, N.: Finding irreducible components of some real transcendental varieties. Comput. Complex. 4 (2), 107–132 (1994)
× Roy, M.-F., Vorobjov, N.: The complexification and degree of a semi-algebraic set. Mathematische Zeitschrift 239 , 131–142 (2002)
× Teissier, B.: Variétés polaires. II: Multiplicités polaires, sections planes et conditions de Whitney. In: Algebraic geometry, Proc. int. Conf., La Rábida/Spain 1981, Lect. Notes Math. 961, Springer, pp. 314–491 (1982)
× Trotman, D.: A transversality property weaker than Whitney (a)-regularity. Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 8 , 225–228 (1976)
× Waldschmidt, M.: Private communication (2016)
× Zilber, B.: Exponential sums equations and the Schanuel conjecture. J. Lond. Math. Soc. 65 (2), 27–44 (2002)

Abstract

Keywords

Mathematics Subject Classification

1. Introduction

Theorem 1.1.

Example 1.2.

Example 1.3.

Example 1.4.

2. Regular and Singular Points

Lemma 2.1.

Proof.

Corollary 2.2.

Corollary 2.3.

Corollary 2.4.

Definition 2.5.

Corollary 2.6.

Definition 2.7.

Lemma 2.8.

Lemma 2.9.

Proof.

Remark 2.10.

Lemma 2.11.

Definition 2.12.

Definition 2.13.

Example 2.14.

Example 2.15.

Lemma 2.16.

Proof.

Corollary 2.17.

Proof.

Definition 2.18.

Theorem 2.19.

Proof.

Remark 2.20.

3. Case of a Single Exponential

Definition 3.1.

Lemma 3.2.

Proof.

Lemma 3.3.

Proof.

Corollary 3.4.

Proof.

Theorem 3.5.

Proof.

Example 3.6.

Corollary 3.7.

Corollary 3.8.

Proof.

4. Case of Many Exponentials

Lemma 4.1.

Proof.

Lemma 4.2.

Proof.

Corollary 4.3.

Proof.

Lemma 4.4.

Proof.

Lemma 4.5.

Proof.

Remark 4.6.

Corollary 4.7.

Proof.

5. Proof of the Main Theorem

Lemma 5.1.

Proof.

Remark 5.2.

Proof of Theorem 1.1.

Corollary 5.3.

Proof.

6. Open Questions

7. Appendix

Proposition 7.1.

Proof.

Theorem 7.2.

Proof.

Acknowledgements.

References

Contents